Logic Gates with NAND and BINARY to GRAY Converter

Aim Of Experiment: -   Logic Gates with NAND and BINARY to GRAY Converter

• To  Study  and  verify  Basic  gates
• Implementation  of  different  Basic  gates  using NAND  IC
• Implementation of  Code  Generator:  Binary  to  gray  and  vice  versa

APPARATUS  REQUIRED :- IC 7400 ,  IC 7408,  IC 7486,  IC 7432 ,  IC 7404

THEORY : -  Logic gates  are  the   fundamental  building  blocks  of  digital  system.  Logic  gates  have  the  ability  to  make  decision  in   the  sense  that  they  produce  output  that  they  produces  varies  with  different  input level  combination.

GENERAL  PURPOSE  LOGIC  GATES  ARE  AS  FOLLOWS:-

1 .  THE  AND  GATE:

An  AND  Gate  has  two  or  more  inputs  but  only  one  output.  the  output  seems  the  Logic  1  state,  only  when  each  one  of  itsinputs  is at  logic 1  state.  the output  assumes  the logic 0  even  if  one  of  its  inputs  is  at  logic  0  state. the  and  Gate  may  therefore  be  defined  as  a  device  whose  output  is 1  if  and only  if  all its  input  are 1  ,  Hence  the  AND  Gates  is  also  called  an  all  or  nothing  Gate.

  TRUTH  TABLE  FOR  AND  GATE:-

AND  GATE :-      Y= A.B          

 

AND Gate TRUTH  Table

                            CLICK  HERE  FOR  OR  GATE 

determine the frequency response ?

Generally  frequency response  is the ratio of output signal to the input signal  of a device or circuit
in  the  frequency domain.

Define Electromagnetic theory ?

Electromagnetic   is  a  branch  of  physics/ electrical  engg. in which  electric  &  magnetic
phenomena  are  studied.

Electromagnetic  may  be  regarded  as the  study  of  electric  charge  at rest  or in  motion.

Application of Electromagnetic theory: (System Application)

1. R.F  Communication
2. Satellite  Communication
3. Microwave Engineering
4. RADAR Technology
5. Antenna Theory
6. Atomic &  Nuclear  Research
7. Electromagnetic  Interference /  Electromagnetic  Compatibility
8. VLSI
9. Electrical Machine

What is Channel Bandwidth

It  is  the  range  of  frequency  that  the  channel  can  handle  for  the  transmission  of  the  signal
with  satisfactory  fidelity.

Fidelity -  no loss  to  information

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Need Of Modulation : Reduction Of Noise

Noise  and  Interference  are  two  major  drawbacks  of  any  Communication  Systems.
These  Effect  Can  Not  be  Eliminated  totally  however  there  are  certain  Modulation
Technique  Like  FM  Which  Has  inherit  Capability  of  Reduction  of  noise  to eliminated
Noise  We  Can  Use  Certain  Limitter  Or  Clipper Circuit  in  The  Receiver  Side.

Types Of Multiplexing

There  are  two  types  of  multiplexing,

1.   Time Division

      2.  Frequency  Division


Advantages  Of  Multiplexing (Click  Here)

Advantages Of Multiplexing

In  The  Transmission  we  Save  Hardware  and  save  the  cost  of  systems.


Types  Of  MultiPlexing ( Click Here)


Definition   of   Multiplexing

Need Of Modulation : Multiplexing

It  is  process  in  which  many  no.  of  signals  can  be  transmitted  through  a  common  communication  channel  modulation  can  enables  to  send  no.  of  signals  simultaneously
between  between  two  points  ( Transmitter  and  Receiver)  without  any  interference
among  themselves  this  is  basically  used  long  distance  telephony  and  mobile.

Types  Of  Multiplexing (  Click  Here)

Advantages  Of  Multiplexing(Click Here)

Need of Modulation :: Narrow Banding Define

Modulation  Process  can  help  converting  a  wide  band ratio into  a  narrow  band  ratio  so
that the  Antenna  can  be  design  properly  without  any  extreme  requirement  in  size.

For example:  Let  an  audio  signal  frequency  of  50Hz  to  1KHz  transmitted  highest
to  Lowest  frequency  Ratio  of  such  a  signal  Approx  20Hz  so  that  antenna  size  require
to  meet  such  an  audio  range of  ratio  20  is  either  too  short  or  too long  when  Modulation
takes  place  the  transmitted  range  of  frequency  becomes  (10^6  +  50)---(10^6 + 10^3)Hz
If  The Carrier  is  100KHz  Now  The  Highest  frequency  ratio  becomes  1.002  Approx
therefore  the  Antenna  Size  may  be  Design  Conveniently  without  the  extreme  requirement
either  be  too  short  or  too long ,  therefore  modulation  process  converts  a  wide band  frequency
ratio  to  a  narrow  band  frequency  ratio.     

Practcability Of Antenna Size

The  Size of   antenna  is  directly  proportional  of  wavelength  of  electromagnetic  radiation,

 Its  Generally  1/10  of  wavelength.

      We  Know  That  

•  WaveLength is  Directly  Proportional to  Velocity  Of  Light ( say  C )

•  WaveLength is  Inversely  Proportional to   Frequency  ( say  f )

                             

                               λ = v / ƒ

If  the  signal  is  directly  transmitted  without  modulation  then

the length  of  antenna  size  will  be  large  which  is  impossible

to  design,  therefore  a  high frequency  carrier  has  to be  used  

to be  modulation so  that  size  of  antenna  can  be reduced. 

       

Need OF Modulation Technique

There are Four Needs of Modulation as  .........

          1.     Practicability   of    Antenna  Size

          2.     Narrow   Banding

          3.     Multiplexing

          4.    Reduction  Of  Noise